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Truncated Axis (Y-Axis Manipulation)

Also Known As: y-axis manipulation axis truncation misleading scale gee-whiz graph
Statistical Error ID: truncated_axis

Definition

Truncated axis manipulation involves starting a graph's y-axis at a value other than zero (or using a non-linear scale) to exaggerate or minimize differences between data points. A small change of 1-2% can be made to look dramatic by starting the axis at 98%, or a large change can be hidden by compressing the scale. This exploits the visual processing system, which interprets the physical height of bars or lines as proportional to magnitude.

Examples

A news channel shows a bar chart of unemployment rates: 7.8% vs 8.1%. By starting the y-axis at 7.5%, the bar for 8.1% appears more than twice as tall as the bar for 7.8%, making a 0.3 percentage point change look like a dramatic spike.

A fitness app's promotional graphic shows user weight loss over 8 weeks. The y-axis starts at 180 lbs instead of 0, making a drop from 192 lbs to 187 lbs look like participants lost nearly half their body weight visually.

A company's quarterly earnings report chart displays revenue from $98M to $103M on the y-axis. A modest $2M increase appears as a dramatic near-doubling of the bar height, impressing investors with what is actually a 2% growth.

Verification Steps
Verification Steps
Binary yes/no questions that an AI must answer to detect a reasoning pattern in a text.
Each of the 452 aspects has verification steps — simple yes/no questions designed to systematically detect whether a pattern appears in a text. For ad hominem: "Does the argument attack a person rather than their claim?" For false dichotomy: "Are only two options presented when more exist?" This ensures consistent, reproducible analysis.

Binary (yes/no) questions an LLM must answer to identify this aspect:

  1. 1

    Does the y-axis (or x-axis) start at a value other than zero?

    Type: binary
  2. 2

    Does the visual impression of the graph match the actual magnitude of the differences?

    Type: binary
  3. 3

    Is the axis scale disclosed and justified?

    Type: binary
  4. 4

    Would the pattern look different if the full scale were shown?

    Type: binary
Deep Dive
The expandable detail section on each aspect page with examples, psychology, and counter-strategies.
The Deep Dive section provides in-depth information about each aspect: a real-world example showing the pattern in action, an explanation of why it works psychologically, practical advice on how to counter it, alternative names, and links to related aspects.

Hierarchical Context