D1: Logical Fallacies

The mistaken belief that if an event has occurred more frequently than expected in the past, it is less likely to happen in the future (and vice versa), even when events are independent.

Continuously changing the criteria for proof or acceptance after the original conditions have been met, ensuring that no amount of evidence is ever sufficient to settle the argument.

The error of drawing conclusions about individuals from aggregate (group-level) data. Correlations observed at the group level may not hold at the individual level due to within-group variation, confounding, and aggregation effects. This is the statistical formalization of the ecological fallacy.